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Southern Thailand and the Cocos Isl., where other varieties of Malay are spoken This article contains phonetic symbols. Without proper, you may see instead of characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see.

Malay (; Malay: Bahasa Melayu بهاس ملايو‎) is a major language of the spoken in,. A language of the, it is spoken by 290 million people across the, including the coasts of the of Malaysia and the eastern coast of in Indonesia, and has been established as a native language of part of western coastal and in. It is also used as a trading language in the southern, including the southern parts of the, the, and the southern predominantly -inhabited municipalities of and in. As the Bahasa Kebangsaan, or Bahasa Nasional ('national language') of several states, Standard Malay has various official names. In Malaysia, it is designated as either Bahasa Malaysia (') or Bahasa Melayu ('Malay language').

In Singapore and Brunei, it is called Bahasa Melayu ('Malay language'); and in Indonesia, an autonomous normative variety called Bahasa Indonesia (') is designated the Bahasa Persatuan/Pemersatu ('unifying language'/). However, in areas of central to southern where vernacular varieties of Malay are indigenous, Indonesians refer to it as Bahasa Melayu and consider it one of their regional languages.

Standard Malay, also called Court Malay, was the literary standard of the pre-colonial and Sultanates, and so the language is sometimes called Malacca, Johor or Riau Malay (or various combinations of those names) to distinguish it from the various other. According to 16, several of the Malayan varieties they currently list as separate languages, including the varieties of Peninsular Malay, are so closely related to standard Malay that they may prove to be dialects. There are also several which are based on a lingua franca derived from Classical Malay as well as, which appears to be a. Main article: The can be divided into five periods: Old Malay, the Transitional Period, the Malacca Period (Classical Malay), Late Modern Malay and modern Malay.

It is not clear that Old Malay was actually the ancestor of Classical Malay, but this is thought to be quite possible. Old Malay was influenced by the literary language of Classical India and a scriptural language of. Sanskrit loanwords can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. The earliest known stone inscription in the Old Malay language was found in Sumatra, written in the of the and dates back to 7th century. Known as the, it was discovered by the M. Batenburg on November 29, 1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra, on the banks of the Tatang, a tributary of the. It is a small stone of 45 by 80 centimetres (18 by 31 in).

The earliest surviving manuscript in Malay is the Tanjong Tanah Law in post-Pallava letters. This 14th-century pre-Islamic legal text produced in the era (1345–1377) of, a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that arose after the end of rule in Sumatra.

The laws were for the, who today still live in the highlands of. The Malay language came into widespread use as the of the (1402–1511). During this period, the Malay language developed rapidly under the influence of Islamic literature. The development changed the nature of the language with massive infusion of, and vocabularies, called Classical Malay.

Kamus Bahasa Melayu Online

Under the Sultanate of Malacca the language evolved into a form recognisable to speakers of modern Malay. When the court moved to establish the Johor Sultanate, it continued using the classical language; it has become so associated with Dutch Riau and British Johor that it is often assumed that the Malay of Riau is close to the classical language. However, there is no closer connection between Malaccan Malay as used on Riau and the Riau vernacular. One of the oldest surviving letters written in Malay is a letter from Sultan Abu Hayat of, in present-day Indonesia, dated around 1521–1522.

The letter is addressed to the king of, following contact with Portuguese explorer. The letters show sign of non-native usage; the Ternateans used (and still use) the unrelated, a, as their. Malay was used solely as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications. Classification and related languages. See also: Malay is a member of the family of languages, which includes languages from and the, with a smaller number in continental., a geographic outlier spoken in in the, is also a member of this language family.

Although each language of the family is mutually unintelligible, their similarities are rather striking. Many roots have come virtually unchanged from their common ancestor,. There are many found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.

Within Austronesian, Malay is part of a cluster of numerous closely related forms of speech known as the, which were spread across Malaya and the Indonesian archipelago by Malay traders from Sumatra. There is disagreement as to which varieties of speech popularly called 'Malay' should be considered dialects of this language, and which should be classified as distinct Malay languages. The of Brunei——for example, is not readily intelligible with the standard language, and the same is true with some varieties on the Malay Peninsula such as.

However, both Brunei and Kedah are quite close. The closest relatives of the Malay languages are those left behind on Sumatra, such as the, with 5.5 million speakers on the west coast. Writing system. Using, is the oldest surviving specimen of the language in, Indonesia. Malay is now written using the ( Rumi), although an called Arab Melayu or also exists. Rumi is official in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Rumi and Jawi are co-official in only.

Names of institutions and organisations have to use Jawi and Rumi (Latin) scripts. Jawi is used fully in schools, especially the Religious School, Sekolah Agama, which is compulsory during the afternoon for Muslim students aged from around 6–7 up to 12–14. Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi in rural areas of Malaysia, and students taking Malay language examinations in Malaysia have the option of answering questions using Jawi. Daniel craig next bond. The Latin script, however, is the most commonly used in Brunei and Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes.

Historically, Malay has been written using various scripts. Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region, Malay was written using the, and scripts; these are still in use today, such as the used by the of. Old Malay was written using Pallava and Kawi script, as evident from several inscription stones in the Malay region. Starting from the era of kingdom of Pasai and throughout the golden age of the Malacca Sultanate, Jawi gradually replaced these scripts as the most commonly used script in the Malay region. Starting from the 17th century, under and British influence, Jawi was gradually replaced by the Rumi script. Extent of use. Malay road signs in, Indonesia.

' Lajur Khusus Menurunkan Penumpang' means 'Lane for dropping passengers' in Malay is spoken in, parts of and southern. Indonesia regulates its own normative variety of Malay, while Malaysia and Singapore use the same standard. Brunei, in addition to Standard Malay, uses a distinct vernacular dialect called.

In, Indonesian is recognised by the constitution as one of the two working languages (the other being ), alongside the official languages of. The extent to which Malay is used in these countries varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by of the, and became the sole official language in in 1968 and in gradually from 1974. Continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts.

Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia. In the, Malay is spoken by a minority of the Muslim population residing in (specifically the ) and the. However, they mostly speak it in a form of resembling. Historically, it was the primary trading language of the archipelago prior to. Is spoken by the overseas Indonesian community in, and functional phrases are taught to members of the Philippine Armed Forces and to students. Phonology.

Main article: Malay, like most Austronesian languages, is not a. Consonants The consonants of Malaysian and also Indonesian are shown below. Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic and English, are shown in brackets. Malay consonant phonemes / / ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Orthographic note: The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except:.

// is 'z', the same as the // sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the // sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with // sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers). // is 'ny'. // is 'ng'. // is represented as 's', the same as the // sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the // sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with // sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers). Previously (before 1972), this sound was written 'th' in Standard Malay (not Indonesian).

the glottal stop // is final 'k' or an apostrophe ' (although some words have this glottal stop in the middle, such as rakyat). // is 'c'. // is 'j'.

// is 'sy'. // is 'kh'. // is 'y' Loans from Arabic:. Phonemes which occur only in Arabic loans may be pronounced distinctly by speakers who know Arabic.

Otherwise they tend to be replaced with native sounds. Table of borrowed Arabic consonants Distinct Assimilated Example // //, // khabar, kabar 'news' // //, // redha, rela 'good will' /zˤ/ //, // lohor, zuhur 'noon (prayer)' // //, // ghaib, raib 'hidden' // // saat, sa'at 'second (time)' Vowels Malay originally had four vowels, but in many dialects today, including Standard Malay, it has six.

The vowels /e, o/ are much less common than the other four. Table of vowel phonemes of Standard Malay Front Central Back Close i u Mid e ə o Open a Orthographic note: both /e/ and /ə/ are written as 'e'. This means that there are some homographs, so perang can be either /pəraŋ/ ('war') or /peraŋ/ ('blond') (but in Indonesia perang with /e/ sound is also written as pirang). Some analyses regard /ai, au, oi/ as diphthongs.

However, ai and au can only occur in open syllables, such as cukai ('tax') and pulau ('island'). Words with a phonetic diphthong in a closed syllable, such as baik ('good') and laut ('sea'), are actually two syllables.

An alternative analysis therefore treats the phonetic diphthongs ai, au and oi as a sequence of a monophthong plus an approximant: /aj/, /aw/ and /oj/ respectively. There is a rule of: the non-open vowels /i, e, u, o/ in bisyllabic words must agree in height, so hidung ('nose') is allowed but. hedung is not. Main article: Malay is an, and new words are formed by three methods: attaching affixes onto a root word , formation of a (composition), or repetition of words or portions of words.

Nouns and verbs may be basic roots, but frequently they are from other words by means of,. Malay does not make use of, and there are only a few words that use natural gender; the same word is used for “ he” and “ she” which is dia or for “ his” and “ her” which is dia punya.

There is no grammatical plural in Malay either; thus orang may mean either 'person' or 'people'. Verbs are not for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as 'yesterday') or by other tense indicators, such as sudah 'already' and belum 'not yet'.

On the other hand, there is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and to denote or intentional and accidental. Malay does not have a in the sense that English does.

In intransitive clauses, the noun comes before the verb. When there is both an and an, these are separated by the verb (OVA or AVO), with the difference encoded in the voice of the verb. OVA, commonly but inaccurately called 'passive', is the basic and most common word order. Borrowed words. Main article: The Malay language has many words borrowed from (in particular religious terms), (due to historical status of Malay Archipelago as a trading hub) and more recently, English (in particular many scientific and technological terms).

Examples All Malay speakers should be able to understand either of the translations below, which differ mostly in their choice of wording. The words for 'article', pasal and perkara, and for 'declaration', pernyataan and perisytiharan, are specific to the Indonesian and Malaysian standards, respectively, but otherwise all the words are found in both (and even those words may be found with slightly different meanings). Article 1 of the English Indonesian Malaysian Universal Declaration of Human Rights Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak Asasi Manusia (General Declaration about Human Rights) Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia sejagat (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) Article 1 Pasal 1 Perkara 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan. (All people are born independent and have the same dignity and rights.

They are endowed with reason and conscience and should get along with each other in a spirit of brotherhood.) Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan sama rata dari segi maruah dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bergaul dengan semangat persaudaraan. (All human beings are born free and are equal in dignity and rights. They have thoughts and feelings and should get along with a spirit of brotherhood.) See also., an for Malay., the English used formally in Malaysia.